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   生產和生活最常(chang)見的(de)鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，可將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)通過化學反應儲藏(zang)起來(lai)，到另一(yi)個場合或另一(yi)時段使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)雖然造價較低(di)，但(dan)也有(you)(you)相應的(de)弱(ruo)點(dian)，諸如(ru)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)換效率(lv)較低(di)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反復充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)易(yi)老化導致使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命短、比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)（Wh/kg）和比(bi)功(gong)率(lv)（W/kg）小使(shi)(shi)設(she)備笨重、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間長等；現在(zai)我們(men)在(zai)手機上使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，雖然也有(you)(you)許(xu)多優(you)點(dian)，但(dan)它價格昂貴且儲藏(zang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)有(you)(you)限(xian)，不能(neng)在(zai)大功(gong)率(lv)場合下使(shi)(shi)用(yong)；所以正在(zai)開發研(yan)制的(de)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，相比(bi)較而(er)言，就有(you)(you)著一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)無可比(bi)擬的(de)優(you)點(dian)，它的(de)前景不可限(xian)量(liang)(liang)。

    結(jie)構

    超(chao)(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量比通常的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器大(da)得多。由于其(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量很大(da)，對外(wai)表現和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相同，因此也稱(cheng)作(zuo)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”或說“黃金電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。超(chao)(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也屬于雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器,它(ta)是(shi)目前世界上已投入量產的(de)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器中容(rong)(rong)(rong)量最大(da)的(de)一種(zhong),其(qi)基本原(yuan)理(li)和(he)其(qi)它(ta)種(zhong)類的(de)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器一樣,都是(shi)利用活性炭(tan)多孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質組成的(de)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)結構獲得超(chao)(chao)大(da)的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量。

    傳(chuan)統物理電(dian)(dian)容中(zhong)儲存的(de)電(dian)(dian)能來源于電(dian)(dian)荷在兩塊極板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)分離,兩塊極板(ban)(ban)之間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)真空(kong)(相對(dui)介(jie)電(dian)(dian)常數為(wei)(wei)(wei)1)或一層介(jie)電(dian)(dian)物質(zhi)(相對(dui)介(jie)電(dian)(dian)常數為(wei)(wei)(wei)ε)所隔離,電(dian)(dian)容值為(wei)(wei)(wei):C = ε·A / 3.6 πd ·10-6 (μF) 其中(zhong)A為(wei)(wei)(wei)極板(ban)(ban)面積,d為(wei)(wei)(wei)介(jie)質(zhi)厚(hou)度。所儲存的(de)能量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei): E = C (ΔV)2/2，其中(zhong)C為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)容值,ΔV為(wei)(wei)(wei)極板(ban)(ban)間(jian)(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓降.可見,若想獲得較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang),儲存更多的(de)能量(liang)(liang),必須增大面積A或減少介(jie)質(zhi)厚(hou)度d，但這(zhe)個伸縮空(kong)間(jian)(jian)有限，導致(zhi)它的(de)儲電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)和(he)儲能量(liang)(liang)較小。

    工作(zuo)原理(li)

    雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器中,采用活(huo)性(xing)炭材(cai)(cai)料(liao)制作成多(duo)孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji),同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)對的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)多(duo)孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)之間充(chong)填電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質溶液,當(dang)在(zai)(zai)兩端施(shi)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi),相(xiang)對的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上分(fen)別聚集正負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子,而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質溶液中的(de)(de)(de)正負離子將由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用分(fen)別聚集到與正負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板相(xiang)對的(de)(de)(de)界(jie)面(mian)上,從而形(xing)成兩個(ge)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層,相(xiang)當(dang)于兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器串聯,由于活(huo)性(xing)碳(tan)(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)具(ju)有(you)≥1200m2/g的(de)(de)(de)超高比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)積(ji)(即獲得了極(ji)(ji)(ji)大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)積(ji)A),而且(qie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液與多(duo)孔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)間的(de)(de)(de)界(jie)面(mian)距離不(bu)到1nm(即獲得了極(ji)(ji)(ji)小的(de)(de)(de)介(jie)質厚度(du)d),根據前面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)計算公式可(ke)(ke)以(yi)看出(chu)(chu),這種(zhong)雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器比(bi)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)物理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)值(zhi)要大很多(duo),比(bi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)提高100倍以(yi)上, 從而使單位重量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)可(ke)(ke)達100F/g，并且(qie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)內阻還能(neng)保持在(zai)(zai)很低的(de)(de)(de)水平，碳(tan)(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)還具(ju)有(you)成本(ben)低，技術成熟等優(you)點。從而使利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器進行(xing)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)儲能(neng)成為可(ke)(ke)能(neng)，且(qie)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際使用時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)通過串聯或者并聯以(yi)提高輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。